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- Inflation is considered to be one of the most serious economic
- problems facing the world today. In simple terms, inflation
- means that the value of a nation's money falls. This is most
- clearly shown by a continuous rise in prices.
-
- All countries suffer from inflation to some extent. An annual
- inflation rate of under 4% is generally considered acceptable,
- but most industrialized countries usually have a rate slightly
- above this figure. However, the average rate of price increases
- for countries in Latin America in 1988 was 470%, and this figure
- was double the rate for 1987. Except for Nicaragua, which was
- fighting a war, Peru had the worst inflation rate of any Latin
- American country in 1988; prices there increased by 1722% in one
- year. Inflation this bad is called hyper-inflation, and it can
- lead eventually to the total breakdown of a nation's currency.
- This is what is occurring in Brazil, where the inflation rate
- has been steadily worsening in recent years, reaching a record
- 934% in 1988. Prices became so initiated that there was not
- enough money available to buy even basic goods. In February,
- 1986 the Brazilian government introduced a new currency, the
- cruzado, to replace the cruzeiro, which had been in use since
- 1967. But In less than three years they had to introduce a "new
- cruzado", which was worth one thousand old cruzados.
-
- Inflation may occur as a result of there being too much money in
- circulation. Governments sometimes print too much currency or
- allow banks to lend money at very low rates of interest. When
- the supply of money is too plentiful, the supply of available
- goods may be inadequate. Consumers demand more goods than are in
- the shops, forcing the prices of available goods to rise. Such a
- situation usually occurs in an economy with full employment,
- since an industry that is already operating at full capacity
- cannot increase the supply of goods to meet new demand.
-
- Another cause of inflation is rising production costs.
- Production costs may rise and be passed on to the consumer in
- the form of price increases. A rise in the price of imports or
- an increase in wages without a corresponding increase in
- productivity can start an almost unstoppable "vicious circle":
- higher production costs lead to higher prices, causing in turn
- higher wages. These higher wages then result in higher
- production costs, and the process starts all over again.
-
- Inflation has many serious effects on a country's economy. The
- economically weaker members of society--those on fixed incomes,
- such as old-age pensioners, and the unemployed--suffer the most
- because what little money they have buys them less when prices
- become inflated. Even workers who gain large pay rises seldom
- benefit in "real" terms because their extra income is
- immediately consumed by price rises. Moreover, inflation has a
- bad effect on a country's trade balance. Rising internal costs
- make exports more expensive while simultaneously increasing the
- demand for cheaper imports. Finally, if inflation is allowed to
- continue, the currency may break down completely as people
- exchange it for property, gold, or stronger foreign currencies.
-
- There are a number of measures that governments can take to
- reduce inflation. If the problem is that there is too much money
- in circulation, a government can make interest rates higher,
- thereby reducing the amount of money borrowed. Alternatively,
- the government might try to reduce purchasing power by
- increasing direct taxation on incomes. Rising production costs
- are more difficult to control since governments are seldom
- directly responsible for the price of imports or the size of
- wage increases. Nevertheless, they may try to lessen wage rises
- by increasing the level of unemployment. They may also recommend
- suitable rates of wage increase. In most countries, though,
- governments can seldom force wage agreements on unwilling
- parties. Instead, they take what action they can, and hope that
- people will cooperate in the constant fight to beat inflation.
-